( w) Reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) in depressed patients vs controls. ( v) Hypo- (blue) and hyper- (red) activations in response to aversive stimuli in PTSD patients vs controls. ( u) Reduced activation during recall of extinction in PTSD patients vs controls. ( t) Activity related to self-reflection. ( s) Activity related to imagining past or future events or remembering past events. ( r) Convergence (red) of activations related to autobiographical memory (light blue), theory of mind (dark blue) and default-mode network (green). ( q) left: same odor labeled as “cheddar cheese” vs “sweat” right: same wine labeled as “cheap” vs “pricey”. ( p) temporal discounting of subjective value. ( o) Goal value: healthiness of food for successful dieters or taste of food for unsuccessful dieters. ( n) Relative coding of value in the vmPFC. ( m) left: integration of conceptual knowledge and value representations during decision-making right: more rostral activity specific to explicit conceptual knowledge. ( l) Common coding of value of money, trinkets and snacks. ( k) vmPFC/mOFC activation for valued vs devalued food. ( j) Positive (rdACC, thalamus, PAG) and negative (vmPFC) mediators of heart rate increases during social evaluative threat. ( h) Positive (left: sgACC/Nacc) and negative (right: rdACC/amygdala) mediators of successful reappraisal of negative emotions ( i) left: opioids activate MPFC right: placebo activates a common sub-region in rACC. ( g) rdACC activity in instructed fear paradigms. ( f) left: vmPFC/sgACC activity during extinction recall right: vmPFC/sgACC activity (blue) during reappraisal of conditioned fear. ( d) vmPFC and rdACC activity negatively and positively correlates with conditioned SCR during fear conditioning and revearsal ( e) vmPFC activation in meta-analyses of fear extinction (red), placebo (green) and reappraisal (blue). ( b) pgACC, sgACC and rostral MPFC activity correlations with parasympathetic/anti-sympathetic activity top-left: negative correlation with increases in heart rate during a working memory task bottom-left: decreases in skin conductance during relaxation right: results from a meta analysis on brain activations associated with high-frequency heart rate variability during emotional and cognitive tasks (red: emotional>cognitive yellow: emotional = cognitive) ( c) left: Stress-related correlates of natural killer (NK) cells increase right: grief-evoking words correlates with IL-6. ( a) Dorsal anterior/mid cingulate activations re sympathetic activity during emotional/cognitive tasks and exercise. Convergence across fields: VMPFC across social, cognitive, affective, and clinical domains.
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